Pregnancy and sarcoidosis: From eventual to desired

1. Визель А.А., Степанов А.Ю., Гурылева М.Э., Насретинова Г.Р. Саркоидоз и беременность: данные научных публикаций и клинический пример. Проблемы туберкулеза и болезней легких. 2004;81(9):50–53. (Vizel AA, Stepanov AYu, Guryleva ME, Nasretinova GR. Sarcoidosis and pregnancy: Data from scientific publications and a clinical example. Problemy tuberkuleza i bolezney legkikh = Problems of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases. 2004;81(9):50–53 (In Russ.)). EDN: UJAHAX.

2. Милова И.А., Фаткуллин И.Ф., Визель А.А. Репродуктивная функция женщин, больных саркоидозом. Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Медицина. 2012;(6):110–114. (Milova IA, Fatkullin IF, Vizel AA. Reproductive function of women with sarcoidosis. Vestnik Rossiyskogo universiteta druzhby narodov. Seriya: Meditsina = RUDN Journal of Medicine. 2012;(6):110–114 (In Russ.)). EDN: RBSRND.

3. Odackal J, Di Tosto G, McAlearney AS, Rush LJ, Crouser E, Sharp M. Age, comorbidity, race and gender differences in referral to a pulmonologist among patients with sarcoidosis at a large academic medical center. BMC Pulm Med. 2025;25(1):416.

PMID: 40890688. PMCID: PMC12400748. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12890-025-03889-2

4. Nordland M, Ylvisaker RS. Pregnancy complicated by idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and sarcoid disease of the spleen; Splenectomy and subsequent normal delivery. Minn Med. 1946;29:166–70. PMID: 21013764.

5. Aykan F, Juskowitz N. Sarcoidosis and pregnancy. Dis Chest. 1950;17(5):544–49.

PMID: 15411861. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.17.5.544

6. Donaldson SW, Tompsett AC, Grekin RH, Curtis AC. Sarcoidosis. V. The effects of pregnancy on the course of the disease. Ann Intern Med. 1951;34(5):1213–18.

PMID: 14830099. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-34-5-1213

7. Aikens RL, Beckwith CJ. Sarcoidosis: Improvement in chest X-ray shadows during pregnancy. Dis Chest. 1955;28(5):580–83.

PMID: 13261888. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.28.5.580

8. Mayock RL, Sullivan RD, Greening RR, Jones R Jr. Sarcoidosis and pregnancy. J Am Med Assoc. 1957;164(2):158–63.

PMID: 13415955. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1957.02980020038008

9. Sugishita K, Togashi Y, Aizawa A, Asakawa M, Usui S, Ito N et al. Postpartum complete atrioventricular block due to cardiac sarcoidosis: Steroid therapy without permanent pacemaker. Int Heart J. 2008;49(3):377–84.

PMID: 18612194. https://doi.org/10.1536/ihj.49.377

10. Vannozzi G, Tozzi A, Chibbaro G, Mello G, Ponzalli M. Hepatic and mesenteric sarcoidosis without thoracic involvement: A case of severe noncirrhotic portal hypertension and successful pregnancy. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;20(10):1032–35.

PMID: 18787474. https://doi.org/10.1097/MEG.0b013e3282f4488d

11. Freymond N, Cottin V, Cordier JF. Infiltrative lung diseases in pregnancy. Clin Chest Med. 2011;32(1):133–46.

PMID: 21277455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccm.2010.11.006

12. Cozier YC, Berman JS, Palmer JR, Boggs DA, Wise LA, Rosenberg L. Reproductive and hormonal factors in relation to incidence of sarcoidosis in US Black women: The Black Women’s Health Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2012;176(7):635–41.

PMID: 22967742. PMCID: PMC3530373. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kws145

13. Dehara M, Sachs MC, Kullberg S, Grunewald J, Blomberg A, Arkema EV. Reproductive and hormonal risk factors for sarcoidosis: A nested case-control study. BMC Pulm Med. 2022;22(1):43.

PMID: 35073900. PMCID: PMC8787880. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12890-022-01834-1

14. Hadid V, Patenaude V, Oddy L, Abenhaim H A Sarcoidosis and pregnancy: obstetrical and neonatal outcomes in a population-based cohort of 7 million births. J Perinat Med. 2015;43(2):201–7.

PMID: 24937503. https://doi.org/10.1515/jpm-2014-0017

15. Clowse MEB, Rajendran A, Eudy A, Giattino S, Swaminathan A, James AH. Pregnancy outcomes in patients with interstitial lung disease. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2023;75(5):1166–74.

PMID: 34748275. PMCID: PMC10262683. https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.24814

16. Acosta KA, Haver MC, Kelly B. Etiology and therapeutic management of erythema nodosum during pregnancy: An update. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2013;14(3):215–22.

PMID: 23625180. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-013-0024-x

17. Allaham H, Predeteanu D, Rosu M-P. When the skin speaks for the lungs: A case of sarcoidosis with erythema nodosum. Rom J Rheumatol 2025;34(1):190–94.

18. Kobak S. Regression of sarcoidosis during pregnancy: Case report and review of the literature. Mediterr J Rheumatol. 2020;31(4):416–20.

PMID: 33521575. PMCID: PMC7841089. https://doi.org/10.31138/mjr.31.4.416

19. Nguyen M, Gross C, Huh SY, Frank A. A case of erythema nodosum in a 20-year-old female during the postpartum period. Cureus. 2024;16(4):e58526.

PMID: 38765407. PMCID: PMC11101599. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.58526

20. Aldea-Pares A, Alves AS, Vasconcelo Barros C, Boncoraglio MT, Redondo-Urda MJ, Sanfeliu E et al. Unilateral granulomatous mastitis in a pregnant woman as a first manifestation of sarcoidosis. Scand J Rheumatol. 2021;50(5):406–8.

PMID: 33412962. https://doi.org/10.1080/03009742.2020.1846781

21. Reis J, Boavida J, Bahrami N, Lyngra M, Geitung JT. Breast sarcoidosis: Clinical features, imaging, and histological findings. Breast J. 2021;27(1):44–47.

PMID: 33034055. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbj.14075

22. Giorgiutti S, Jamilloux Y, Gerfaud-Valentin M, Bert A, Ballonzoli L, Kodjikian L et al. The course of non-infectious uveitis in pregnancy: A retrospective study of 79 pregnancies. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2023;261(5):1391–98.

PMID: 36565331. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-022-05949-3

23. Tarantola RM, Folk JC, Boldt H., Mahajan VB. Intravitreal bevacizumab during pregnancy. Retina. 2010;30(9):1405–11.

PMID: 20924262. https://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0b013e3181f57d58

25. Hwang YM, Wei Q, Piekos SN, Vemuri B, Molani S, Mease P et al. Maternal-fetal outcomes in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, with consideration of comorbidities: A retrospective cohort study in a large U.S. healthcare system. EClinicalMedicine. 2024;68:102435.

PMID: 38586478. PMCID: PMC10994966. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102435

26. Ветров В.В., Николаев А.В. Исходы беременностей при саркоидозе лёгких у трех женщин, получавших пламаферез до и во время гестации. Медицина: теория и практика. 2019;4(спецвыпуск):136. (Vetrov VV, Nikolaev AV. Pregnancy outcomes in three women with pulmonary sarcoidosis who underwent plasmapheresis before and during gestation. Meditsina; teoriya i praktika = Medicine: Theory and Practice. 2019;4(Special Issue):136 (In Russ.)).

27. Ertekin E, Moosa S, Roos-Hesselink JW, Sliwa K. Two cases of cardiac sarcoidosis in pregnant women with supraventricular arrhythmia. Cardiovasc J Afr. 2015;26(2):96–100.

PMID: 25940124. https://doi.org/10.5830/CVJA-2015-022

28. Seballos RJ, Mendel SG, Mirmiran-Yazdy A, Khoury W, Marshall JB. Sarcoid cardiomyopathy precipitated by pregnancy with cocaine complications. Chest. 1994;105(1):303–5.

PMID: 8275759. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.105.1.303

29. Yoshii T, Kanzaki H, Aoki-Kamiya C, Izumi C. Multi-modal treatment in a pregnant woman with untreated cardiac sarcoidosis complicated by cardiac dysfunction and ventricular arrhythmias: A case report and literature review. Eur Heart J Case Rep. 2024;8(3):ytae108.

PMID: 38454957. PMCID: PMC10919920. https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjcr/ytae108

30. Sarvaideo JL, Colon-Franco JM, Kumar R, Shaker JL. Hypercalcemia due to CYP24A1 variants in five unrelated patients: diagnostic and clinical considerations. JBMR Plus. 2025;9(9):ziaf102.

PMID: 40765620. PMCID: PMC12319318. https://doi.org/10.1093/jbmrpl/ziaf102

31. Williams C, Johnson B, Middleton PG, Backer V, Gibson PG, Hollis G, Coleman C. Family planning, pregnancy and birth in women with lung conditions: A worldwide survey. ERJ Open Res. 2021;7(4):00357-2021.

PMID: 34938801. PMCID: PMC8685512. https://doi.org/10.1183/23120541.00357-2021

32. Middleton PG, Gade EJ, Aguilera C, MacKillop L, Button BM, Coleman C et al. ERS/TSANZ Task Force Statement on the management of reproduction and pregnancy in women with airways diseases. Eur Respir J. 2020;55(2):1901208.

PMID: 31699837. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01208-2019

33. Haines AJ, Middleton PG. Pulmonary disorders in pregnancy: Bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis, sarcoidosis and interstitial diseases. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2022;85(Pt A):114–26.

PMID: 36244873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2022.09.001

34. Kocher L, Rossides M, Remaeus K, Grunewald J, Eklund A, Kullberg S, Arkema EV. Maternal and infant outcomes in sarcoidosis pregnancy: A Swedish population-based cohort study of first births. Respir Res. 2020;21(1):225.

PMID: 32854707. PMCID: PMC7457286. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12931-020-01493-y

35. Matos A, Bordalo M, Silva H. Multisystemic sarcoidosis in the primary care setting: A case report. Cureus. 2024;16(12):e75490.

PMID: 39791085. PMCID: PMC11717391. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.75490

36. Turgay B., Zorlu U., Varlı B., Aynaoğlu Yıldız G., Baydemir Ş.K., Atabekoğlu C.S., Turgay T.M. Inflamed pathways to motherhood: evaluating obstetric and neonatal outcomes in rheumatic pregnancies. J. Clin. Med. 2025;14(16):5692. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14165692.

37. Xu D, Tao X, Fan Y, Teng Y. Sarcoidosis: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. Mol Biomed. 2025;6(1):6.

PMID: 39904950. PMCID: PMC11794924. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43556-025-00244-z

38. Степанова Е.О., Николаева М.А., Бабаян А.А., Смольникова В.Ю., Ванько Л.В., Кречетова Л.В. Роль регуляторных Т-клеток в формировании иммунной толерантности при беременности. Акушерство и гинекология. 2013;(2):24–28. (Stepanova EO, Nikolaeva MA, Babayan AA, Smolnikova VYu, Vanko LV, Krechetova LV. The role of regulatory T cells in the formation of immune tolerance during pregnancy. Akusherstvo i ginekologia = Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2013;(2):24–28 (In Russ.)). EDN: PXNSRX.

39. Михневич Э.А., Гаврилович Е.Ю., Головко Т.Г., Рубан А.А., Добриянец М.А. Узловатая эритема. Здравоохранение (Минск). 2025;(6):4–14. (Mikhnevich EA, Gavrilovich EYu, Golovko TG, Ruban AA, Dobriyanets M.A. Erythema nodosum. Zdravookhraneniye (Minsk) = Healthcare (Minsk). 2025;(6):4–14 (In Russ.)). EDN: RDDRXM.

40. Kwon S, Judson MA. Clinical pharmacology in sarcoidosis: How to use and monitor sarcoidosis medications. J Clin Med. 2024;13(5):1250.

PMID: 38592130. PMCID: PMC10932410. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13051250

41. Spagnolo P, Judson MA. Can sarcoidosis be cured? Curr Opin Immunol. 2025;96:102637.

PMID: 40784259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coi.2025.102637

42. Annamaraju P, Patel P, Baradhi KM. Pentoxifylline. 2024 Feb 29. In: StatPearls (Internet). Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan–. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559096/ (date of access – 16.11.2025).

43. Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed®) (Internet). National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; Bethesda (MD): Jul 20, 2020. Pentoxifylline. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501382/ (date of access – 16.11.2025).

44. Dong J, Yin M, Wu L, Wang T, Li M, Zhang W et al. Pregnancy and neonatal outcomes of ICSI using pentoxifylline to identify viable spermatozoa in patients with frozen-thawed testicular spermatozoa. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2024;15:1364285.

PMID: 38812814. PMCID: PMC11133548. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2024.1364285

45. Kappus H, Diplock AT. Tolerance and safety of vitamin E: A toxicological position report. Free Radic Biol Med. 1992;13(1):55–74.

PMID: 1628854. https://doi.org/10.1016/0891-5849(92)90166-e

46. Wolff GS, Tsoggerel A, Hoji A, Ross SE, Colbert J, Andres UM et al. Early life food desert status is associated with alpha and gamma-tocopherol levels and infant lung function. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2026;61(2):e71479.

PMID: 41608914. PMCID: PMC12853406. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.71479

47. Tsokkou S, Matsas A, Konstantinidis I, Karopoulou E, Papamitsou T, Stamoula E. Therapeutic effects of vitamins in endometriosis patients: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Int J Mol Sci. 2026;27(3):1476.

PMID: 41683896. PMCID: PMC12898241. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27031476

48. Lima MS, Dimenstein R, Ribeiro KD. Vitamin E concentration in human milk and associated factors: A literature review.

J Pediatr (Rio J). 2014;90(5):440–48.

PMID: 24953721. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2014.04.006